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These gestures build and intensify throughout the interlude. In this context it is interesting to note the contemporary association between Jewish and the "Orientalism" that provided artistic inspiration but also controversy. The critic Rudolph Louis wrote that he found Mahler's music "horribly disgusting" because "it speaks musical German … but with an accent, with a tone, and above all with the gestures of the East."
Return to Jewish roots
Farewell
Synagogue
Mahler's Jewish heritage gave him both specific musical sources and an ear for the outsider's voice.
"always an intruder, never welcomed...."